Hoʻokomo ka pūnaewele IEEE i nā kuki ma kāu hāmeʻa i mea e hāʻawi iā ʻoe i ka ʻike mea hoʻohana maikaʻi loa. Ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i kā mākou pūnaewele, ʻae ʻoe i ke kau ʻana o kēia mau kuki. No ka ʻike hou aku, e ʻoluʻolu e heluhelu i kā mākou Kulekele pilikino.
Hoʻokaʻawale nā loea alakaʻi i ka RF dosimetry i ka ʻeha o 5G—a me ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka hōʻike ʻana a me ka nui
He mau makahiki he ʻumi o ka ʻike o Kenneth R. Foster i ke aʻo ʻana i ka radiation alapine (RF) a me kona hopena ma nā ʻōnaehana olaola. I kēia manawa, ua kākau pū ʻo ia i kahi noiʻi hou ma ke kumuhana me ʻelua mau mea noiʻi ʻē aʻe, ʻo Marvin Ziskin lāua ʻo Quirino Balzano. Ma ke ʻano hui, ʻo lākou ʻekolu (nā hoa IEEE paʻa āpau) he ʻoi aku ma mua o hoʻokahi kenekulia o ka ʻike ma ke kumuhana.
Ua nānā ka noiʻi, i paʻi ʻia ma ka International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health i Pepeluali, i nā makahiki 75 i hala o ka noiʻi ʻana i ka loiloi hōʻike RF a me ka dosimetry. I loko, ua hōʻike kikoʻī nā mea kākau like i ka mamao o ka holomua o ke kahua a no ke aha lākou i manaʻo ai he moʻolelo holomua ʻepekema.
Ua kamaʻilio ʻo IEEE Spectrum ma o ka leka uila me ke polopeka emeritus ʻo Foster o ke Kulanui o Pennsylvania. Makemake mākou e aʻo hou e pili ana i ke kumu o ka holomua o nā haʻawina loiloi hōʻike RF, he aha ka mea e paʻakikī ai ka dosimetry RF, a no ke aha e like ʻole ai nā hopohopo o ka lehulehu e pili ana i ke olakino a me ka radiation uea ʻole e nalowale.
No ka poʻe i kamaʻāina ʻole i ka ʻokoʻa, he aha ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka hōʻike ʻana a me ka nui?
Kenneth Foster: Ma ke ʻano o ka palekana RF, ʻo ka hoʻolaha ʻana e pili ana i ke kahua ma waho o ke kino, a ʻo ka nui e pili ana i ka ikehu i omo ʻia i loko o nā ʻiʻo o ke kino. He mea nui nā mea ʻelua no nā noi he nui - no ka laʻana, ka noiʻi palekana no ka lāʻau lapaʻau, ke olakino hana, a me nā mea kūʻai aku.
"No kahi loiloi maikaʻi o ka noiʻi ʻana i nā hopena olaola o 5G, e ʻike i ka ʻatikala a [Ken] Karipidis, kahi i loaʻa ʻole ai kahi hōʻike paʻa e hōʻike ana he mea ʻino nā kahua RF haʻahaʻa ma luna o 6 GHz, e like me nā mea i hoʻohana ʻia e nā pūnaewele 5G, i ke olakino kanaka.' "" -- Kenneth R. Foster, Ke Kulanui o Pennsylvania
Foster: ʻAʻole pilikia ke ana ʻana i nā kahua RF ma kahi ākea. ʻO ka pilikia maoli e kū mai ana i kekahi mau hihia, ʻo ia ka nui o ka loli o ka hōʻike ʻana o RF. No ka laʻana, ke noiʻi nei nā kānaka ʻepekema he nui i nā pae kahua RF ma ke kaiapuni e hoʻoponopono i nā hopohopo olakino lehulehu. Ke noʻonoʻo nei i ka nui o nā kumu RF ma ke kaiapuni a me ka palaho wikiwiki o ke kahua RF mai kekahi kumu, ʻaʻole kēia he hana maʻalahi. ʻO ka wehewehe pono ʻana i ka hōʻike pilikino i nā kahua RF he pilikia maoli ia, ma ka liʻiliʻi no nā kānaka ʻepekema liʻiliʻi e hoʻāʻo nei e hana pēlā.
I kou wā i kākau ai a me kāu mau mea kākau like i kāu ʻatikala IJERPH, ʻo kāu pahuhopu anei ke kuhikuhi i nā holomua a me nā pilikia dosimetric o nā haʻawina loiloi hōʻike? Foster: ʻO kā mākou pahuhopu ke kuhikuhi i ka holomua kupaianaha i hana ʻia e ka noiʻi loiloi hōʻike i nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ka mea i hoʻohui i ka nui o ka maopopo i ke aʻo ʻana i nā hopena olaola o nā kahua alapine lekiō a ua hoʻokele i nā holomua nui i ka ʻenehana lapaʻau.
ʻEhia ka nui o ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana o nā mea hana ma kēia mau wahi? Hiki iā ʻoe ke haʻi mai iaʻu i nā mea hana i loaʻa iā ʻoe i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o kāu ʻoihana, no ka laʻana, i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā mea i loaʻa i kēia lā? Pehea e kōkua ai nā mea hana i hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia i ka holomua o nā loiloi hōʻike?
Foster: Ke emi nei a ʻoi aku ka ikaika o nā mea hana i hoʻohana ʻia e ana i nā kahua RF i ka noiʻi olakino a me ka palekana. ʻO wai ka mea i manaʻo i kekahi mau makahiki i hala aku nei e lilo nā mea hana kahua kalepa i mea ikaika e lawe ʻia mai i ka wahi hana, hiki ke ana i nā kahua RF i lawa ka ikaika e hoʻoulu ai i kahi pōʻino hana, akā naʻe lawa ka naʻau e ana i nā kahua nāwaliwali mai nā antennas mamao? I ka manawa like, e hoʻoholo i ka spectrum pololei o kahi hōʻailona e ʻike ai i kona kumu?
He aha ka mea e hana ʻia ke neʻe ka ʻenehana uea ʻole i nā kaula alapine hou—no ka laʻana, nā nalu millimeter a me terahertz no ke kelepona, a i ʻole 6 GHz no Wi-Fi?
Foster: Eia hou, pili ka pilikia me ka paʻakikī o ke kūlana hōʻike, ʻaʻole ka mea hana. No ka laʻana, hoʻopuka nā kikowaena pūnaewele 5G kiʻekiʻe i nā kukuna he nui e neʻe ana ma ka lewa. He mea paʻakikī kēia e helu i ka hōʻike ʻana i nā poʻe kokoke i nā wahi kelepona e hōʻoia i ka palekana o ka hōʻike ʻana (e like me ka mea maʻamau).
"ʻOi aku koʻu hopohopo no ka hopena o ka nui o ka manawa pale ma ka ulu ʻana o ke keiki a me nā pilikia pilikino." - Kenneth R. Foster, Ke Kulanui o Pennsylvania
Inā he pilikia i hoʻoponopono ʻia ka loiloi hōʻike, he aha ka mea e paʻakikī ai ka lele ʻana i ka dosimetry pololei? He aha ka mea e maʻalahi ai ka mua ma mua o ka hope?
Foster: ʻOi aku ka paʻakikī o ka Dosimetry ma mua o ka loiloi hōʻike. ʻAʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻokomo i kahi probe RF i loko o ke kino o kekahi. Nui nā kumu e pono ai ʻoe i kēia ʻike, e like me nā lāʻau lapaʻau hyperthermia no ka mālama ʻana i ka maʻi kanesa, kahi e pono ai ke hoʻomehana ʻia nā ʻiʻo i nā pae i kuhikuhi pono ʻia. Inā wela iki a ʻaʻohe pono therapeutic, nui loa a e puhi ʻoe i ka mea maʻi.
Hiki iā ʻoe ke haʻi hou mai iaʻu e pili ana i ke ʻano o ka hana ʻana o ka dosimetry i kēia lā? Inā ʻaʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻokomo i kahi probe i loko o ke kino o kekahi, he aha ka mea maikaʻi loa aʻe?
Foster: He mea maikaʻi ke hoʻohana ʻana i nā mika RF kahiko e ana i nā kahua i ka lewa no nā kumu like ʻole. ʻOiaʻiʻo nō kēia me ka hana palekana hana, kahi e pono ai ʻoe e ana i nā kahua alapine lekiō e kū mai ana ma nā kino o nā limahana. No ka hyperthermia lapaʻau, pono paha ʻoe e hoʻopaʻa i nā mea maʻi me nā probes thermal, akā ua hoʻomaikaʻi nui ka dosimetry computational i ka pololei o ke ana ʻana i nā doses thermal a ua alakaʻi i nā holomua koʻikoʻi i ka ʻenehana. No nā haʻawina o nā hopena olaola RF (no ka laʻana, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā antennas i kau ʻia ma luna o nā holoholona), he mea nui e ʻike i ka nui o ka ikehu RF i hoʻopili ʻia i loko o ke kino a me kahi e hele ai. ʻAʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻoluliluli wale i kāu kelepona i mua o kahi holoholona ma ke ʻano he kumu o ka hōʻike (akā hana kekahi poʻe noiʻi). No kekahi mau haʻawina nui, e like me ke aʻo ʻana o ka National Toxicology Program hou o ka hōʻike ʻana i ke ola holoʻokoʻa i ka ikehu RF i nā ʻiole, ʻaʻohe mea ʻē aʻe maoli i ka dosimetry i helu ʻia.
No ke aha ʻoe e manaʻo ai he nui nā hopohopo e pili ana i ka radiation uea ʻole e ana ai ka poʻe i nā pae ma ka home?
ʻO Foster: He ʻoihana paʻakikī ka ʻike ʻana i ka pilikia. ʻO nā ʻano o ka radiation radio ke kumu pinepine no ka hopohopo. ʻAʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike, ʻaʻohe pilina pololei ma waena o ka hōʻike ʻana a me nā hopena like ʻole e hopohopo nei kekahi poʻe, ke kuhi nei ka poʻe i ka ikehu alapine radio (non-ionizing, ʻo ia hoʻi, ua nāwaliwali loa kona mau photons e uhaʻi i nā pilina kemika) me nā ionizing X-rays, a pēlā aku. Radiation (pōʻino maoli). Manaʻo kekahi he "ʻike nui" lākou i ka radiation wireless, ʻoiai ʻaʻole hiki i nā ʻepekema ke hōʻike i kēia ʻike i nā haʻawina makapō a kāohi pono ʻia. Manaʻo kekahi poʻe ua hoʻoweliweli ʻia e ka nui o nā antennas i hoʻohana ʻia no nā kamaʻilio wireless. Aia i loko o ka palapala ʻepekema nā hōʻike pili olakino o nā ʻano like ʻole e hiki ai i kekahi ke loaʻa kahi moʻolelo weliweli. Manaʻo kekahi poʻe ʻepekema he pilikia olakino paha (ʻoiai ua ʻike ka ʻoihana olakino he hopohopo iki lākou akā ua ʻōlelo ʻo "noiʻi hou aku" e pono ai). Ke hoʻomau nei ka papa inoa.
He kuleana ko nā loiloi hōʻike i kēia. Hiki i nā mea kūʻai ke kūʻai aku i nā mea ʻike RF haʻahaʻa akā koʻikoʻi loa a noiʻi i nā hōʻailona RF i ko lākou wahi noho, he nui nā mea. "Kaomi" kekahi o kēia mau mea hana i ko lākou ana ʻana i nā pulse alapine lekiō mai nā mea hana e like me nā wahi komo Wi-Fi, a e kani like me kahi counter Geiger i loko o kahi reactor nuklea no ka honua. weliweli. Kūʻai ʻia kekahi mau mika RF no ka hahai ʻuhane, akā he noi ʻokoʻa kēia.
I ka makahiki i hala, ua paʻi ka British Medical Journal i kahi kāhea e hoʻōki i ka hoʻolaha ʻana o 5G a hiki i ka hoʻoholo ʻia ʻana o ka palekana o ka ʻenehana. He aha kou manaʻo no kēia mau kāhea? Manaʻo ʻoe e kōkua lākou i ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka ʻāpana o ka lehulehu e hopohopo nei e pili ana i nā hopena olakino o ka hōʻike ʻana o RF, a i ʻole e hoʻoulu i ka huikau hou aʻe? Foster: Ke kuhikuhi nei ʻoe i kahi ʻāpana manaʻo na [epidemiologist John] Frank, a ʻaʻole wau e ʻae me ka hapa nui. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā keʻena olakino i loiloi i ka ʻepekema ua kāhea wale no ka noiʻi hou aku, akā ma ka liʻiliʻi hoʻokahi - ka papa olakino Dutch - ua kāhea no ka moratorium ma ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka 5G kiʻekiʻe a hiki i ka hana ʻana o ka noiʻi palekana hou aku. ʻOiaʻiʻo e huki kēia mau ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo i ka manaʻo o ka lehulehu (ʻoiai ua manaʻo pū ʻo HCN he mea paʻakikī ke loaʻa nā hopohopo olakino).
Ma kāna ʻatikala, kākau ʻo Frank, "ʻO nā ikaika e kū mai ana o nā haʻawina hoʻokolohua e hōʻike ana i nā hopena olaola luku o RF-EMF [nā kahua electromagnetic alapine lekiō].
ʻO ia ka pilikia: he mau tausani o nā haʻawina hopena olaola RF i loko o nā palapala. ʻOkoʻa loa nā hopena, ka pilina i ke olakino, ka maikaʻi o ke aʻo ʻana a me nā pae hōʻike. Ua hōʻike ka hapa nui o lākou i kekahi ʻano hopena, ma nā alapine āpau a me nā pae hōʻike āpau. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā haʻawina he pilikia nui o ka manaʻo ʻole (ʻaʻole lawa ka dosimetry, nele i ka makapō, ka nui o ka laʻana liʻiliʻi, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe) a he nui nā haʻawina i kūlike ʻole me nā mea ʻē aʻe. "ʻAʻole kūpono nā ikaika noiʻi e kū mai ana" no kēia palapala pohihihi. Pono ʻo Frank e hilinaʻi i ka nānā pono ʻana mai nā keʻena olakino. Ua hāʻule mau kēia mau mea i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā hōʻike maopopo o nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole o nā kahua RF ambient.
Ua hoʻopiʻi ʻo Frank e pili ana i ke kūlike ʻole o ke kūkākūkā ākea ʻana iā "5G" -- akā ua hana ʻo ia i ka hewa like ma ka ʻōlelo ʻole ʻana i nā alapine alapine i ka wā e pili ana iā 5G. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, hana ka low-band a me ka mid-band 5G ma nā alapine kokoke i nā alapine kelepona o kēia manawa a ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia e hōʻike i nā pilikia hōʻike hou. Hana ka High-band 5G ma nā alapine ma lalo iki o ka pae mmWave, e hoʻomaka ana ma 30 GHz. He kakaikahi nā haʻawina i hana ʻia ma nā hopena olaola ma kēia pae alapine, akā ʻaʻole komo ka ikehu i ka ʻili, a ʻaʻole i hāpai nā keʻena olakino i nā hopohopo e pili ana i kona palekana ma nā pae hōʻike maʻamau.
ʻAʻole i kuhikuhi ʻo Frank i ka noiʻi āna i makemake ai e hana ma mua o ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka "5G," ʻoiai ʻo ia ke ʻano. Ke koi nei ka [FCC] i nā mea laikini e pili i kona mau palena hōʻike, e like me nā mea ma ka hapa nui o nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe. ʻAʻohe hiʻohiʻona no kahi ʻenehana RF hou e loiloi pololei ʻia no nā hopena olakino RF ma mua o ka ʻae ʻia, kahi e koi ai i kahi moʻo pau ʻole o nā haʻawina. Inā ʻaʻole palekana nā kapu FCC, pono e hoʻololi ʻia.
No kahi loiloi kikoʻī o ka noiʻi hopena olaola 5G, e ʻike i ka ʻatikala a [Ken] Karipidis, kahi i ʻike ʻia "ʻaʻohe hōʻike paʻa e hōʻino ana nā kahua RF haʻahaʻa ma luna o 6 GHz, e like me nā mea i hoʻohana ʻia e nā pūnaewele 5G, i ke olakino kanaka. Ua kāhea pū ka loiloi no ka noiʻi hou aku.
Ua hui pū ʻia nā palapala ʻepekema, akā a hiki i kēia manawa, ʻaʻole i loaʻa i nā keʻena olakino kahi hōʻike maopopo o nā pōʻino olakino mai nā kahua RF ambient. Akā no ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, he liʻiliʻi nā palapala ʻepekema e pili ana i nā hopena olaola mmWave, me kahi o 100 mau haʻawina, a ʻokoʻa ke ʻano.
Loaʻa i ke aupuni ka nui o ke kālā ma ke kūʻai aku ʻana i ka spectrum no nā kamaʻilio 5G, a pono e hoʻokomo i kekahi o ia mea i loko o ka noiʻi olakino kiʻekiʻe, ʻoiai ʻo ka 5G band kiʻekiʻe. ʻO wau iho, ʻoi aku koʻu hopohopo e pili ana i ka hopena o ka nui o ka manawa pale ma ka ulu ʻana o ke keiki a me nā pilikia pilikino.
Aia kekahi mau ʻano hana i hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia no ka hana dosimetry? Inā pēlā, he aha nā hiʻohiʻona hoihoi loa a hoʻohiki paha?
ʻO Foster: ʻO ka holomua nui paha ma ka dosimetry computational me ka hoʻolauna ʻana o nā ʻano hana finite difference time domain (FDTD) a me nā hiʻohiʻona helu o ke kino e pili ana i nā kiʻi lapaʻau kiʻekiʻe. ʻAe kēia i kahi helu pololei loa o ka omo ʻana o ke kino i ka ikehu RF mai kekahi kumu. Ua hāʻawi ka dosimetry computational i ke ola hou i nā lāʻau lapaʻau i hoʻokumu ʻia, e like me ka hyperthermia i hoʻohana ʻia e mālama i ka maʻi kanesa, a ua alakaʻi i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻōnaehana kiʻi MRI i hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia a me nā ʻenehana lapaʻau ʻē aʻe he nui.
He mea hoʻoponopono hoa ʻo Michael Koziol ma IEEE Spectrum, e uhi ana i nā wahi āpau o ke kamaʻilio kelepona. Ua puka ʻo ia mai ke Kulanui ʻo Seattle me ka BA ma ka ʻōlelo Pelekania a me ke ʻano kino, a me ka MA ma ka Science Journalism mai ke Kulanui ʻo New York.
I ka makahiki 1992, ua lawe ʻo Asad M. Madni i ke alakaʻi o BEI Sensors and Controls, e kiaʻi ana i kahi laina huahana e komo pū ana me nā ʻano sensor like ʻole a me nā lako hoʻokele inertial, akā he waihona mea kūʻai aku liʻiliʻi—ʻo ia hoʻi nā ʻoihana uila aerospace a me ka pale kaua.
Ua pau ke Kaua Anu a ua hiolo ka ʻoihana pale kaua o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. A ʻaʻole e ola koke ka ʻoihana. Pono ʻo BEI e ʻike koke a hoʻowalewale i nā mea kūʻai aku hou.
ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o kēia mau mea kūʻai aku e pono ai ke hoʻolei i nā ʻōnaehana sensor inertial mechanical o ka hui no ka ʻenehana quartz hou i hōʻoia ʻole ʻia, ka hoʻoliʻiliʻi ʻana i nā sensor quartz, a me ka hoʻololi ʻana i kahi mea hana e hana ana i nā ʻumi tausani o nā sensor pipiʻi i ka makahiki i ka hana ʻana i nā miliona me ke kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻa. mea hana o ka sensor.
Ua hoʻoikaika nui ʻo Madni e hoʻokō i ia mea a ua loaʻa iā ia ka holomua ma mua o ka mea i hiki i kekahi ke noʻonoʻo no ka GyroChip. ʻO kēia sensor ana inertial haʻahaʻa ke kumu kūʻai ʻo ia ka mea mua o kona ʻano e hoʻohui ʻia i loko o kahi kaʻa, e hiki ai i nā ʻōnaehana hoʻokele paʻa uila (ESC) ke ʻike i ka paheʻe a hoʻokele i nā paleki e pale aku i nā rollovers. Ma muli o ka hoʻokomo ʻia ʻana o nā ESC i nā kaʻa hou a pau i loko o nā makahiki ʻelima mai 2011 a 2015, ua hoʻopakele kēia mau ʻōnaehana i 7,000 mau ola ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa wale nō, e like me ka National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
Ke hoʻomau nei nā lako hana i ka puʻuwai o nā mokulele kalepa a me nā mokulele pilikino he nui, a me nā ʻōnaehana hoʻomalu paʻa no nā ʻōnaehana alakaʻi missile US. Ua huakaʻi pū ʻo ia i Mars ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana o ka Pathfinder Sojourner rover.
Kūlana i kēia manawa: Polopeka Hoʻohui Kaulana ma UCLA; Pelekikena i hoʻomaha loa, Luna Nui a me CTO o BEI Technologies
Hoʻonaʻauao: 1968, RCA College; BS, 1969 a me 1972, MS, UCLA, ʻelua ma ka ʻenekinia uila; Ph.D., Ke Kulanui ʻo California Coast, 1987
Nā Koa: Ma keʻano laulā, ua aʻo mai koʻu makuakāne iaʻu pehea e aʻo ai, pehea e lilo ai i kanaka, a me ke ʻano o ke aloha, ke aloha, a me ka ʻike; ma ke kiʻi, ʻo Michelangelo; ma ka ʻepekema, ʻo Albert Einstein; ma ka ʻenekinia I loko, ʻo Claude Shannon
Mele punahele: Ma ke mele Komohana, ʻo The Beatles, Rolling Stones, Elvis; Mele Hikina, Ghazals
Nā lālā o ka hui: IEEE Life Fellow; US National Academy of Engineering; UK Royal Academy of Engineering; Canadian Academy of Engineering
ʻO ka makana koʻikoʻi loa: IEEE Medal of Honor: "Nā haʻawina paionia i ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ke kālepa ʻana i nā ʻenehana ʻike a me nā ʻōnaehana hou, a me ke alakaʻi noiʻi koʻikoʻi"; UCLA Alumni o ka Makahiki 2004
Ua loaʻa iā Madni ka 2022 IEEE Medal of Honor no kona alakaʻi ʻana iā GyroChip, a me nā haʻawina ʻē aʻe i ka hoʻomohala ʻenehana a me ke alakaʻi noiʻi.
ʻAʻole ʻo ka ʻenekinia ka ʻoihana mua a Madni i koho ai. Makemake ʻo ia e lilo i mea pena kiʻi maikaʻi. Akā, ʻo ke kūlana kālā o kona ʻohana ma Mumbai, India (a laila ʻo Mumbai) i nā makahiki 1950 a me 1960 i hoʻohuli iā ia i ka ʻenekinia—ʻoi aku hoʻi nā mea uila, mahalo i kona hoihoi i nā hana hou loa i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o nā lekiō transistor ʻeke. I ka makahiki 1966, ua neʻe ʻo ia i ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa e aʻo i nā mea uila ma ke Kulanui ʻo RCA ma New York City, i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā makahiki 1900 e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i nā mea hoʻohana uila a me nā loea.
"Makemake au e lilo i ʻenekinia hiki ke hana i nā mea," wahi a Madeney, "a hana i nā mea e hoʻopilikia hope loa i nā kānaka. No ka mea, inā ʻaʻole hiki iaʻu ke hoʻopilikia i nā kānaka, manaʻo wau e like me ka ʻole o kaʻu ʻoihana."
Ua komo ʻo Madni i UCLA i ka makahiki 1969 me ke kēkelē laepua ma ke ʻenekinia uila ma hope o ʻelua mau makahiki ma ka papahana ʻenehana uila ma ke Kulanui ʻo RCA. Ua hoʻomau ʻo ia e alualu i kahi kekelē laeoʻo a me ke kauka, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hana hōʻailona kikohoʻe a me ka reflectometry domain frequency e kālailai i nā ʻōnaehana kelepona no kāna noiʻi thesis. I kāna mau haʻawina, ua hana pū ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he kumu aʻo ma ke Kulanui ʻo Pacific State, hana ma ka hoʻokele waihona ma ka hale kūʻai kūʻai ʻo Beverly Hills ʻo David Orgell, a ma ke ʻano he ʻenekinia e hoʻolālā ana i nā peripherals kamepiula ma Pertec.
A laila, i ka makahiki 1975, i ka wā i hoʻopalau hou ʻia ai a ma ke koi ʻana o kāna hoa papa mua, ua noi ʻo ia no kahi hana ma ka ʻoihana microwave a Systron Donner.
Ua hoʻomaka ʻo Madni i ka hoʻolālā ʻana i ka mea kālailai spectrum mua loa o ka honua me ka waihona kikohoʻe ma Systron Donner. ʻAʻole ʻo ia i hoʻohana maoli i kahi mea kālailai spectrum ma mua—ua pipiʻi loa lākou i kēlā manawa—akā ua ʻike maikaʻi ʻo ia i ke kumumanaʻo e hōʻoiaʻiʻo iā ia iho e lawe i ka hana. A laila ua hoʻolilo ʻo ia i ʻeono mahina e hoʻāʻo ana, e loaʻa ana ka ʻike lima me ka mea kani ma mua o ka hoʻāʻo ʻana e hoʻolālā hou iā ia.
ʻElua makahiki ka lōʻihi o ka hana a, e like me kā Madni, ua loaʻa iā ia ʻekolu mau palapala Sila Nui koʻikoʻi, e hoʻomaka ana i kona "piʻi ʻana i nā mea nui a maikaʻi aʻe." Ua aʻo pū ia iā ia i ka mahalo no ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o "ke ʻano o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka ʻike kumumanaʻo a me ke kālepa ʻana i ka ʻenehana e hiki ke kōkua i nā poʻe ʻē aʻe," wahi āna.
Hiki iā mākou ke hoʻopilikino i nā ʻāpana passive rf e like me kāu mau koi. Hiki iā ʻoe ke komo i ka ʻaoʻao hoʻopilikino e hāʻawi i nā kikoʻī āu e pono ai.
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Ka manawa hoʻouna: ʻApelila-18-2022
