Mahalo iā ʻoe no kou kipa ʻana iā Nature.com. ʻO ka polokalamu kele pūnaewele āu e hoʻohana nei he kākoʻo liʻiliʻi no CSS. No ka ʻike maikaʻi loa, paipai mākou iā ʻoe e hoʻohana i kahi polokalamu kele hou (a i ʻole e hoʻopau i ke ʻano hoʻohālikelike ma Internet Explorer).
ʻO ka piʻi nui ʻana o ka noi no ke kamaʻilio kelepona paʻa i alakaʻi i ka puka mau ʻana o nā ʻenehana uila (G), hiki ke loaʻa nā hopena like ʻole i nā ʻōnaehana biological. neuroinflammation ma microglia spatial uhi a me ka electrophysiological neuronal hana i loko o ke kumu auditory cortex (ACx) .Ka awelika SAR ma ACx mea 0.5 W / kg.Multi-unit recordings hōʻike i ka LTE-EMF triggers i ka ho'ēmiʻana i ka ikaika o ka pane i ka maemae leo a me ka maoli vocalizations, oiai ka piʻiʻana o ka haʻahaʻa a me ka midranges hoʻololi i ka paepae immunohi. ʻO ka wahi i uhi ʻia e nā kino microglial a me nā kaʻina hana. I nā ʻiole olakino, ʻaʻole i hoʻololi ka ʻike like ʻana o ka LTE i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka ikaika o ka pane a me nā paepae acoustic.
Ua loli nui ke kaiapuni electromagnetic o ke kanaka i nā makahiki he ʻekolu i hala ma muli o ka hoʻonui mau ʻana o nā kamaʻilio uila. Ua hoʻoulu kēia pilikia olakino lehulehu i kekahi mau noiʻi hoʻokolohua i hoʻolaʻa ʻia no ka noiʻi ʻana i nā hopena o ka absorption radiofrequency i loko o nā ʻiʻo biological1.Ua ʻimi kekahi o kēia mau haʻawina i nā loli i ka hana ʻoihana neuronal a me nā kaʻina hana cognitive, hāʻawi ʻia i ka pili o ka lolo i nā kumu RF ma lalo o ka hoʻohana nui ʻana o MP. wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA)/kolu o ka hanauna universal mobile telecommunications systems (WCDMA/3G UMTS)2 ,3,4,5.Little is known about the effects of radio frequency signals used in fourth generation (4G) mobile services, which trusted on a all-digital Internet Protocol technology called Long Term Evolution (LTE) is expected to handset1nch service. 6.6 biliona mau mea kūʻai LTE honua ma Ianuali 2022 (GSMA: //gsacom.com). Hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā ʻōnaehana GSM (2G) a me WCDMA (3G) e pili ana i nā ʻōnaehana modulation hoʻokahi, LTE hoʻohana i ka Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) ma ke ʻano he hōʻailona hōʻailona kumu6.Worldwide, LTE5 lawelawe kelepona hoʻohana i ka laulā o nā ʻano like ʻole 70MHz. Hoʻohana pū ʻia nā pūʻulu 900 a me 1800 MHz ma GSM.
ʻO ka hiki o ka hoʻolaha ʻana o RF e hoʻopili i nā kaʻina olaola e hoʻoholo nui ʻia e ka kikoʻī absorption rate (SAR) i hōʻike ʻia ma W / kg, e ana i ka ikehu i komo i loko o ke kino olaola. a me nā hoʻololi ʻana i ka hoʻohui ʻana i loko a i ʻole inter-regional, ʻoiai ʻo nā pae kiʻekiʻe SAR spatial ma luna o 10 g o ka ʻiʻo i manaʻo ʻia e ʻokoʻa ma waena o 0.42 a me 1.52 W/ kg, e like me nā kumuhana 7, 8, 9.EEG ka nānā ʻana ma lalo o nā kūlana hoʻolaha like (30 min lōʻihi, manaʻo ʻia ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe SAR kiʻekiʻe o 1.34 W/kg mana hōʻike hōʻike hōʻike manaʻo kanaka. ʻO nā haʻawina ʻē aʻe ʻelua e pili ana i ka nānā ʻana EEG i ʻike ʻia he 20 a i ʻole 30 mau minuke o ka LTE ʻike poʻo, me ka nui o nā pae SAR kūloko i hoʻonohonoho ʻia ma kahi o 2 W / kg, ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia ka hopena a i ʻole ka hopena o ka mana spectral i ka alpha band i emi iho, ʻoiai ʻaʻole i loli ka cognition i ka hana i loiloi ʻia me ka Stroop test 12. Ke nānā pono nei i nā hopena o ka GSM a i ʻole UMTS EMF hoʻolaha. Manaʻo ʻia lākou e ala mai nā ʻano like ʻole o ka hoʻolālā ʻana o ke ʻano a me nā ʻāpana hoʻokolohua, me ke ʻano o ka hōʻailona a me ka modulation, ka ikaika a me ka lōʻihi, a i ʻole mai ka heterogeneity i nā kumuhana kanaka e pili ana i ka makahiki, anatomy, a i ʻole ke kāne.
I kēia manawa, ua hoʻohana ʻia nā noiʻi holoholona no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ke ʻano o ka ʻike ʻana i ka hōʻailona LTE i ka hana o ka lolo. wiki) i nā ʻiole makua i ʻike ʻia e hoʻoulu i ke koʻikoʻi oxidative a hoʻemi i ka amplitude o nā hiʻohiʻona evoked hiki ke loaʻa mai ke aʻalolo optic, me ka SAR kiʻekiʻe i manaʻo ʻia he haʻahaʻa e like me 10 mW/kg15.
Ma waho aʻe o ka nānā ʻana i nā unahi he nui, me ka pae cellular a me ka molecular, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā hiʻohiʻona rodent e aʻo i nā hopena o ka hoʻolaha ʻana o RF i ka wā maʻi, e like me ka mea i nānā mua ʻia ma GSM a i ʻole WCDMA/3G UMTS EMF i ke ʻano o ka neuroinflammation acute. Ua hōʻike nā haʻawina i nā hopena o ka hopu ʻana, nā maʻi neurodegenerative a i ʻole gliomas 16,17,18,19,20.
ʻO nā lipopolysaccharide (LPS) -injected rodents he kumu hoʻohālike maʻamau o nā pane neuroinflammatory acute e pili ana me nā maʻi infectious benign i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā maʻi a i ʻole bacteria e hoʻopilikia i ka hapa nui o ka heluna kanaka i kēlā me kēia makahiki. ʻO ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i nā rodents me LPS e hoʻāla i ka microglia i hōʻike ʻia e ka hoʻoponopono hou ʻana i ko lākou ʻano a me nā kaʻina cellular a me nā loli hohonu i ka transcriptome profile, me ka upregulation o nā genes e hoʻopili ana i nā cytokines pro-inflammatory a i ʻole nā enzymes, e pili ana i nā ʻoihana neuronal Nā hana 22, 23, 24.
Ke aʻo ʻana i nā hopena o hoʻokahi hola 2-hola i hōʻike ʻia i ka GSM-1800 MHz EMF i nā ʻiole LPS i mālama ʻia, ua ʻike mākou i ka hōʻailona GSM e hoʻoulu i nā pane cellular i loko o ka cerebral cortex, e pili ana i ka hōʻike gene, glutamate receptor phosphorylation, neuronal Meta-evoked firing a me ka morphology o microglia i loko o ka cerebral cortex ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia ka hopena o ka cerebral cortex. ʻO ka LPS-triggered neuroinflammatory state sensitizes CNS cell to GSM signaling.Ka nānāʻana i ka auditory cortex (ACx) o nāʻiole LPS i mālamaʻia, kahi i loaʻa ai ka SAR kūloko i ka 1.55 W / kg, uaʻike mākou i ka hopena o ka GSM i ka hoʻonuiʻana i ka lōʻihi a iʻole ka lālā o nā kaʻina microglial a me ka emiʻana o nā pane neuronal maʻemaʻe i Stimulation2.
Ma ka noiʻi o kēia manawa, manaʻo mākou e nānā inā hiki i nā hōʻailona LTE-1800 MHz ke hoʻololi i ka microglial morphology a me ka hana neuronal i ACx, e hōʻemi ana i ka mana o ka hoʻolaha ʻana e ʻelua hapakolu. W/kg.
Hāʻawi ʻia i nā hōʻike mua i hoʻololi ʻia i ka GSM-1800 MHz i ka microglial morphology ma lalo o nā kūlana pro-inflammatory, ua noiʻi mākou i kēia hopena ma hope o ka ʻike ʻana i ka hōʻailona LTE.
Ua hoʻokomoʻia nāʻiole makua me ka LPS 24 mau hola ma mua o ke poʻo-wale sham hōʻike a iʻole kaʻikeʻana i ka LTE-1800 MHz. Ma kaʻikeʻana, ua hoʻokumuʻia nā pane neuroinflammatory LPS-triggered i loko o ka cerebral cortex, e like me ka mea i hōʻikeʻia e ka upregulation o nā genes proinflammatory a me nā loli i ka cortical microglia morphology (Figure 1). (Figure 2). No ka hoʻoholo i ka LPS-ho'ā microglia i pane i LTE EMF, ua kālailai mākou cortical pauku stained me anti-Iba1 i waeʻia i kēia mau cell.E like me ia i hōʻike 'ia ma Figure 3a, ma ACx pauku i hoʻopaʻa 3 a 4 hola ma hope sham a LTE ike, microglia nana kupaianaha like, e hoike ana i ka LPS-inflammatory cell lapaʻau. (Figure 1). E like me ka loaʻa ʻole o nā pane morphological, hōʻike ʻia ka nānā ʻana kiʻi quantitative ʻaʻohe ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi o ka nui o ka wahi (t-test unpaired, p = 0.308) a i ʻole kahi (p = 0.196) a me ka density (p = 0.061) o ka immunoreactivity Iba1 i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka ʻike ʻana i nā kino kino kino kino o Iba 1-stained versus. 3b-d).
Nā hopena o ka LPS ip injection ma ka cortical microglia morphology.Representative view of microglia in a coronal section of the cerebral cortex (dorsomedial region) 24 hola ma hope o ka intraperitoneal injection o LPS a i ʻole kaʻa (control). nā kaʻina hana, e loaʻa ana i kahi hiʻohiʻona "like-like". Paʻa Scale: 20 µm.
ʻO ka loiloi Dosimetric o ka helu absorption kikoʻī (SAR) i loko o ka lolo ʻiole i ka wā e ʻike ai i ka 1800 MHz LTE. Ua hoʻohana ʻia kahi ʻano heterogeneous i wehewehe mua ʻia o ka iole phantom a me loop antenna62 e loiloi i ka SAR kūloko i ka lolo, me ka 0.5 mm3 cubic grid. ʻO ka māhele ʻana o nā waiwai SAR i loko o ka lolo makua ma ka 0.5 mm3 spatial resolution. ʻO ka wahi i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e ka outline ʻeleʻele ma ka ʻāpana sagittal e pili ana i ka cortex auditory mua kahi e nānā ʻia ai ka hana microglial a me ka neuronal. E pili ana ka pālākiō kala o nā waiwai SAR i nā simulation helu āpau i hōʻike ʻia ma ke kiʻi.
LPS-injected microglia in rat auditory cortex ma hope o ka LTE a i ʻole Sham ka ʻike. sham (nā kiko hāmama) a i ʻole ka ʻike LTE (hōʻike ʻia, nā kiko ʻeleʻele).(b, c) Ka uhi ākea (b) o ka marker microglia Iba1 a me nā wahi o Iba1-positive cell kino (c). Hōʻike ka ʻikepili i kahi wahi hoʻopaʻa anti-Iba1 i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka mean mai nā holoholona i hōʻike ʻia ʻo Sham.(d) Ka helu o nā kino anti-Iba1-stained STE5 ma waena o nā kino anti-Iba1-stained STE5 = 6) ʻaʻole nui nā holoholona (p > 0.05, un paired t-test). ʻO ka luna a me lalo o ka pahu, nā laina luna a me lalo e hōʻike ana i ka 25th-75th percentile a me ka 5-95th percentile.
Hōʻuluʻulu ka Papa 1 i nā helu holoholona a me nā ʻāpana he nui i loaʻa i ka cortex auditory mua o nā hui ʻehā o nā ʻiole (Sham, Exposed, Sham-LPS, Exposed-LPS). criterion, ua koho makou i 266 mooolelo no ka Sham hui, 273 mooolelo no ka Exposed hui, 299 mooolelo no ka Sham-LPS hui, a me 295 mooolelo no ka Exposed-LPS hui.
Ma nā paukū aʻe, e wehewehe mua mākou i nā ʻāpana i unuhi ʻia mai ka spectral-temporal receptive field (ʻo ia hoʻi, ka pane ʻana i nā kani maʻemaʻe) a me ka pane i nā leo kikoʻī xenogeneic. 1), akā ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā hopena āpau i wehewehe ʻia ma lalo nei i ka helu o nā kūlana i kēlā me kēia hui. Ka heluna nui o nā pūʻulu hoʻopaʻa ʻana i hōʻiliʻili ʻia (lālani ʻekolu ma ka Papa 1).
Hōʻike ka Figure 4a i ka mahele alapine maikaʻi loa (BF, eliciting maximal pane ma 75 dB SPL) o nā cortical neurons i loaʻa i ka LPS-treated Sham a me nā holoholona i hōʻike ʻia. Ua hoʻonui ʻia ke alapine o BF ma nā hui ʻelua mai 1 kHz a 36 kHz. kūʻē.
Nā hopena o ka hoʻolaha ʻana o LTE i nā ʻāpana helu o nā pane cortical i nā holoholona LPS-mālama ʻia. 0.05, unpaired t-test) ma waena o STRF (total response strength) a me nā alapine maikaʻi loa (b,c). ʻO nā paepae cortical. Ua ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o nā paepae i loko o nā ʻiole i hōʻike ʻia i ka LTE i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā ʻiole sham-exposed.
Hōʻike nā kiʻi 4b-f i ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā ʻāpana i loaʻa mai ka STRF no kēia mau holoholona (ʻo ia ka mea i hōʻike ʻia e nā laina ʻulaʻula). ʻO nā hopena o ka hoʻolaha ʻana o LTE i nā holoholona LPS i mālama ʻia e hōʻike ana i ka emi ʻana o ka excitability neuronal. 0.0445).Pēlā hoʻi, ua emi nā pane i nā leo kamaʻilio ma ka ikaika pane a me ka hilinaʻi ma waena o ka hoʻokolokolo (Fig. 4g, h; unpaired t-test, p = 0.043). Ua ho'ēmiʻia ka hana manawaleʻa, akā,ʻaʻole i nui kēia hopena (Fig. 4i; p = 0.0745) . (Fig. 4d-f), e hōʻike ana i ka koho pinepine a me ka pololei o nā pane hoʻomaka ʻaʻole i hoʻopilikia ʻia e ka hoʻolaha ʻana o LTE i nā holoholona LPS i mālama ʻia.
Ua loiloi mākou i ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā paepae cortical leo maʻemaʻe e ka LTE. a ua hōʻike nā hui i hōʻike ʻia i ka piʻi nui ʻana o nā paepae i nā holoholona i hōʻike ʻia i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā holoholona Sham (Fig. 4j), kahi hopena i ʻike ʻia i nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me waena o nā alapine. p <0.0001; Ua ʻike ʻia ka hopena like ma ka waena waena (2.25
Nā hopena o ka hōʻike ʻana o LTE i nā ʻāpana helu o nā pane cortical i nā holoholona olakino. nā alapine (b,c) .He piʻi iki ka lōʻihi o ka pane (d), akā,ʻaʻohe hoʻololi i ka bandwidth pane a me ka bandwidth (e, f).ʻAʻole i hoʻololiʻia ka ikaika a me ka hilinaʻi kino o nā pane i nā leo leo (g, h). ʻAʻohe loli nui o ka hana spontaneous (i). ʻAʻole i hoʻololi nuiʻia nā paepae i nāʻiole LTE i hoʻohālikelikeʻia me nāʻiole Sham, akā ua emi iki nā paepae alapine kiʻekiʻe i nā holoholona iʻikeʻia.
Hōʻike nā kiʻi 5b-f i nā pahu pahu e hōʻike ana i ka puʻunaue a me ka mean (laina ʻulaʻula) o nā ʻāpana i loaʻa mai nā pūʻulu ʻelua o STRF. I nā holoholona olakino, ua liʻiliʻi ka hopena o ka LTE i ka waiwai o STRF parameters. t-test, p = 0.2176, a me p = 0.8696). ʻAʻohe hopena i ka bandwidth spectral a me ka latency (p = 0.6764 a me p = 0.7129, kēlā me kēia), akā ua piʻi nui ka lōʻihi o ka pane (p = 0.047). ʻAʻohe hopena i ka ikaika o ka vocalization. ka hilinaʻi ma waena o kēia mau pane (Fig. 5h, p = 0.3412), a me ka hana manawaleʻa (Fig. 5).5i; p = 0.3256).
Hōʻike ka Figure 5j i nā paepae mean (± sem) mai 1.1 a 36 kHz i nā ʻiole olakino. ʻAʻole ia i hōʻike i kahi ʻokoʻa nui ma waena o ka sham a me nā ʻiole i hōʻike ʻia, koe wale nō ka paepae haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o nā holoholona i hōʻike ʻia i nā alapine kiʻekiʻe (11-36 kHz) (t-test unpaired, p = 0.0083 ʻoiaʻiʻo i kēia hopena i kēia hopena i nā holoholona i hōʻike ʻia). = 18.312, p = 0.001; Fig. 5k), ua nui aʻe nā neurons me nā paepae haʻahaʻa a me nā paepae liʻiliʻi (ʻoiai nā paepae kiʻekiʻe) nā neurons liʻiliʻi).
I ka hopena, i ka wā i hōʻike ʻia ai nā holoholona olakino i ka LTE, ʻaʻohe hopena i ka ikaika pane i nā kani maʻemaʻe a me nā leo paʻakikī e like me nā leo.
Ua hōʻike kā mākou haʻawina i nā ʻiole kāne makua e loaʻa ana i ka neuroinflammation acute, ʻike ʻia i ka LTE-1800 MHz me kahi SARACx kūloko o 0.5 W / kg (e ʻike i nā Methods) i hopena i ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa nui ʻana i ka ikaika o nā pane i hoʻāla ʻia i nā hoʻopaʻa mua o ke kamaʻilio ʻana. ʻAʻole i ʻike ʻia ka ikaika o ka cortical evoked pane i nā ʻiole olakino. Ke noʻonoʻo nei i ka like ʻana o ka puʻupuʻu alapine maikaʻi loa ma waena o nā ʻāpana hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā holoholona LTE-hōʻike a me ka sham-hōʻike, hiki ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā ʻokoʻa o ka reactivity neuronal i nā hopena biological o nā hōʻailona LTE ma mua o ka sampling bias (Fig. 4a). paha, ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia kēia mau hoʻopaʻa ʻana mai nā papa cortical like, aia ma ka ACx mua ma mua o nā ʻāpana lua.
I ko mākou ʻike, ʻaʻole i hōʻike mua ʻia ka hopena o ka hōʻailona LTE ma nā pane neuronal. Akā naʻe, ua kākau nā haʻawina mua i ka hiki o GSM-1800 MHz a i ʻole 1800 MHz mau hawewe (CW) e hoʻololi i ka excitability neuronal, ʻoiai me nā ʻokoʻa nui e pili ana i ka hoʻokolohua hoʻokolohua. Ua hōʻike ʻia ka snail ganglia i ka emi ʻana o nā paepae no ka hoʻoulu ʻana i nā mana hana a me ka modulation neuronal. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka spiking a me ka pohā o ka hana i nā moʻomeheu neuronal mua i loaʻa mai ka lolo ʻiole ua hoʻemi ʻia e ka ʻike ʻana iā GSM-1800 MHz a i ʻole 1800 MHz CW no 15 mau minuke ma kahi SAR o 4.6 W / kg wale nō. Ua hoʻokō ʻia ka silencing o nā neurons ma kahi SAR o 9.2 W / kg. Hōʻike ʻia ka ʻike ʻana i ka pane ʻana i ka GSM-1800 MHz ma mua o 1800 MHz CW i ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka hana burst, e hōʻike ana e hilinaʻi nā pane neuronal i ka modulation hōʻailona RF.
I kā mākou hoʻonohonoho, ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia nā pane cortical evoked in vivo 3 a hiki i 6 mau hola ma hope o ka pau ʻana o ka 2-hour head-only exposure. ma 0.5 W/kg SARACx he piʻi iki ka lōʻihi o ka pane ma ka hōʻike ʻana i nā leo maʻemaʻe. He paʻakikī kēia hopena e wehewehe no ka mea ʻaʻole i hui pū ʻia me ka piʻi ʻana o ka ikaika o ka pane ʻana, e hōʻike ana e hiki mai ana kēia lōʻihi o ka pane ʻana me ka helu like o nā mea hiki ke hana ʻia e nā cortical neurons. ʻO ka pale ʻana i ka feedforward e hoʻomalu i ka lōʻihi o nā pane pyramidal cell i hoʻoulu ʻia e ka excitatory thalamic input33,34, 35, 36, 37.
I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, i nā ʻiole i hoʻopiʻi ʻia i ka LPS-triggered neuroinflammation, ʻaʻohe hopena o ka LTE i ka lōʻihi o ke kani ʻana o ka neuronal firing, akā ua ʻike ʻia nā hopena koʻikoʻi i ka ikaika o nā pane i hoʻāla ʻia. ʻelua i ka hōʻike ʻana i nā leo maʻemaʻe a me nā leo kūlohelohe. ʻO ka emi ʻana o ka ikaika o ka pane ʻana i nā leo maʻemaʻe i hana ʻia me ka ʻole o ka hōʻemi ʻana o ka bandwidth tuning spectral o 75 dB, a no ka mea i loaʻa i nā kani kani a pau, ua hopena ia i ka piʻi ʻana o nā paepae acoustic o nā neuron cortical ma nā alapine haʻahaʻa a waena.
ʻO ka ho'ēmiʻana i ka ikaika pane evoked i hōʻike i ka hopena o ka LTE hōʻailona ma SARACx o 0.5 W / kg i nā holoholona LPS i mālamaʻia e like me ka GSM-1800 MHz i hoʻohanaʻia iʻekolu manawa kiʻekiʻe SARACx (1.55 W / kg) 28 . No ka hōʻailona GSM, hiki ke hōʻemi i ke poʻo i ka LTE-1800 MHz ke kumu o ka neuronal ACx hiki ke hōʻemi i ka neuronal ACx neuronitability. LPS-triggered neuroinflammation.Ma ka laina me keia kuhiakau, ua ike no hoi makou i ke ano i ka emi ana o ka hoao ana o na pane neuronal i ka leo (Fig. 4h) a me ka hoemi ana i ka hana spontaneous (Fig. 4i).
ʻO ka mea mua, ʻo kēia mau pane nāwaliwali ke kumu o ka excitability intrinsically hoʻemi ʻia o nā cell cortical ma hope o ka hoʻolaha ʻana iā LTE 1800 MHz. Ke kākoʻo nei i kēia manaʻo, GSM-1800 MHz a me 1800 MHz-CW i hoʻemi i ka hana burst ke hoʻopili pololei ʻia i nā moʻomeheu mua o nā cortical rat cortical me nā pae SAR o 3.42 W / kg a me SAR pae o 3.42 W / kg a me SAR. Ua koi ʻia e hōʻemi nui i ka hana pahū. ʻO ke kākoʻo ʻana no ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka excitability intrinsic, ua ʻike pū mākou i nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ke kī ʻana i nā holoholona i hōʻike ʻia ma mua o nā holoholona i hōʻike ʻia.
ʻO ka lua, hiki i ka hoʻolaha LTE ke hoʻopili i ka synaptic transmission mai thalamo-cortical a cortical-cortical synapses.Numerous moʻolelo hōʻike i kēia manawa, i loko o ka auditory cortex, ʻaʻole i hoʻoholo wale ʻia ka laulā o ka spectral tuning e nā afferent thalamic projections, akā ʻo nā pilina intracortical e hāʻawi i ka hoʻokomo spectral hou i nā cortical sites39,40. ʻO nā holoholona i hōʻike ʻole ʻia me ka hoʻopunipuni ʻaʻole i hopena nā hopena o ka hoʻolaha ʻana o LTE i ka hoʻohui cortical-cortical.
Maʻaneʻi,ʻoi aku ka nui o ka LPS-hōʻike cortical recordings i hōʻike i nā paepae kiʻekiʻe i ka hoʻohālikelikeʻana i nā holoholona LPS-sham-hōʻikeʻia. pae postsynaptic (hōʻemi i ka helu receptor a i ʻole ka pilina).
E like me nā hopena o GSM-1800 MHz, ua hoʻololi ʻia nā pane neuronal LTE i loko o ka pōʻaiapili o LPS-triggered neuroinflammation, i hōʻike ʻia e nā pane microglial. Hiki ke kaupalena i ka neurotransmission, akā ma luna o ka motility kiʻekiʻe o kā lākou kaʻina cellular. I loko o ka cerebral cortex, hoʻonui a hoʻemi ʻia ka hana o nā ʻoihana neuronal e hoʻoulu i ka hoʻonui wikiwiki ʻana o ka microglial spatial domain ma muli o ka ulu ʻana o nā kaʻina microglial44,45. microglia-mediated local adenosine production.
I nā ʻiole LPS i mālama ʻia i hāʻawi ʻia i GSM-1800 MHz me SARACx ma 1.55 W / kg, ua hoʻemi ʻia ka hana o nā neurons ACx me ka ulu ʻana o nā kaʻina microglial i hōʻailona ʻia e nā wahi nui Iba1-stained ma ACx28 Hoʻonui. Ke kūʻē nei kā mākou noiʻi ʻana i kēia kuhiakau i ka pōʻaiapili o ka LTE poʻo e hōʻike ʻia me SARACx i kaupalena ʻia i ka 0.5 W / kg, no ka mea, ʻaʻole i ʻike mākou i ka piʻi ʻana o ka māhele spatial i uhi ʻia e nā kaʻina microglial. hoʻololi i nā pane neuronal i ka hōʻailona LTE.
I ko mākou ʻike, ʻaʻole i aʻo ʻia ka hopena o nā hōʻailona LTE ma ka hoʻoponopono auditory ma mua. ʻO kā mākou mau haʻawina mua 26,28 a me ka haʻawina o kēia manawa i hōʻike ʻia i ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o ka ʻeha nui, ʻike ʻia ke poʻo wale nō i GSM-1800 MHz a i ʻole LTE-1800 MHz i hopena i nā hoʻololi hana i nā pane neuronal i ACx, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia e ka piʻi ʻana o nā kumu nui o ka lohe ʻelua. ʻO ka LTE. canal). ʻO ka lua, i ka wā i hōʻike ʻia ai nā pepeiao puaʻa guinea no 2 mau mahina ma GSM 900 MHz (5 lā / pule, 1 hola / lā, SAR ma waena o 1 a me 4 W / kg), ʻaʻohe loli i ʻike ʻia i ka nui o ka huahana distortion otoacoustic Thresholds for Emission and Auditory Brainstem Responses to GSM8 ʻAʻole i pili ka MHz ma kahi SAR kūloko o 2 W / kg i ka cochlear outer hair cell function i nā ʻiole olakino48,49. ʻO kēia mau hopena e hōʻike i ka ʻikepili i loaʻa i loko o nā kānaka, kahi i hōʻike ʻia ai nā noiʻi he 10- a hiki i ka 30-minuke ka hōʻike ʻana i ka EMF mai nā kelepona GSM ʻaʻohe hopena kūlike i ka hoʻoponopono auditory e like me ka loiloi ma ka pae cochlear55,51,52.
Ma kā mākou noiʻi ʻana, ʻike ʻia nā hoʻololi kī ʻana o ka neuronal LTE i loko o vivo 3 a 6 mau hola ma hope o ka pau ʻana o ka hoʻolaha ʻana. Nā mea hoʻokipa AMPA. Ke noʻonoʻo nei he haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ko ka cortex auditory (0.5W/kg) ma mua o ka ʻāpana dorsomedial (2.94W/kg26), ʻike ʻia nā loli i ka hana neuronal i hōʻike ʻia ma aneʻi.
Pono kā mākou ʻikepili e noʻonoʻo i nā palena SAR kūpono a me nā koho o nā waiwai SAR maoli i loaʻa i ka cerebral cortex o nā mea hoʻohana kelepona paʻa.
Ua hana ʻia nā ʻano hoʻohālike me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā hiʻohiʻona poʻo kanaka like ʻole e hoʻoholo ai i ka lawe ʻana o ka mana RF i nā ʻāpana like ʻole o ke poʻo i ka wā o ke poʻo maʻamau a i ʻole ke kelepona kelepona paʻa. kanaka 56,57,58. Eia kekahi, ke ano o ke kelepona, e like me ka wahi o loko o ka antenna a me ke kūlana o ke kelepona pili i ke poʻo o ka mea hoʻohana, hoʻoikaika ikaika i ka pae a me ka puʻunaue o SAR koina i loko o ka cerebral cortex59,60. Eia naʻe, e noʻonoʻo ana i ka hōʻike SAR puunaue i loko o ke kanaka cerebral cortex 80 kumu hoʻohālike i hoʻokumu 'ia mai ka MHz kelepona frequencies. range58, 59, 60, ʻike ʻia nā pae SAR i loaʻa i loko o ka cortex auditory kanaka i hoʻohana ʻia ma lalo o ka hapalua o ka cortex cerebral cortex. ʻO kā mākou haʻawina (SARACx 0.5 W / kg).
I ka hopena, hōʻike kā mākou noiʻi ʻana i kahi ʻike poʻo hoʻokahi wale nō i ka LTE-1800 MHz e hoʻopilikia i nā pane neuronal o nā cortical neurons i ka sensory stimuli. o na mea hooulu lohe.
Ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia nā ʻikepili ma 55 mau lā o ka makahiki mai ka cerebral cortex o 31 mau ʻiole kāne Wistar kāne makua i loaʻa i ka hale hana ʻo Janvier. Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā ʻiole i kahi haʻahaʻa (50-55%) a me ka mahana (22-24 ° C) i hoʻomalu ʻia me kahi kukui / pōʻeleʻele o 12 h / 12 h (kukui i ka 7:30am a me ke alakaʻi ʻana i ka wai. i hoʻokumuʻia e ka Council of the European Communities Directive (2010 / 63 / EU Council Directive), e like me nā mea i weheweheʻia ma ka Society for Neuroscience Guidelines for the Use of Animals in Neuroscience Research. 34-2012.
Ua hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia nā holoholona i nā keʻena kolone no ka liʻiliʻi o 1 pule ma mua o ka mālama ʻana i ka LPS a me ka hoʻolaha ʻana (a i ʻole ka hoʻolaha hoʻopunipuni) i LTE-EMF.
He iwakāluakūmālua mau ʻiole i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i loko o ka intraperitoneally (ip) me E. coli LPS (250 µg/kg, serotype 0127: B8, SIGMA) i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia me ka endotoxin-free isotonic saline sterile 24 mau hola ma mua o ka LTE a i ʻole ka sham exposure (n kēlā me kēia hui). = 11). Ma nā ʻiole kāne Wistar 2 mahina, ua hoʻopuka kēia LPS i kahi pane neuroinflammatory i hōʻailona ʻia i loko o ka cerebral cortex e kekahi mau pro-inflammatory genes (tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin 1ß, CCL2, NOX2, NOS2) i hoʻoponopono ʻia i nā hola 24 ma hope o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka LPS i loko o ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana, me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka pae 4-fold o ka LPS. NOX2 enzyme a me interleukin 1ß, pakahi. Ma keia 24-h manawa manawa, cortical microglia hōʻike i ka typical "dense" cell morphology i manaoia e LPS-triggered pro-inflammatory ho'ā 'ana o nā pūnaewele (Figure 1), i ka mea like me ka LPS-triggered activation e kekahi. ʻO ka hoʻoulu ʻana o ka cellar pro-inflammatory e like me 24, 61.
Ua hana ʻia ke poʻo wale nō i ka LTE EMF me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hoʻonohonoho hoʻokolohua i hoʻohana mua ʻia e loiloi i ka hopena o ka GSM EMF26. LTE ʻike ʻia i hana ʻia 24 mau hola ma hope o ka LPS injection (11 holoholona) a i ʻole ka LPS lapaʻau (5 holoholona). ʻO ke poʻo o ka holoholona i loko o ka loop antenna e hoʻokuʻu ana i ka hōʻailona LTE Reproducible wahi ma lalo. ʻO ka hapalua o nāʻiole mai ka hale hoʻokahi i lawelaweʻia e like me nā mana (11 sham-hōʻike holoholona, mai 22 mauʻiole pretreated me LPS): ua waiho lākou ma lalo o ka loop antenna a me ka ikehu o ka LTE hōʻailona ua hoonoho i ka zero. Weights o ka hoike a me ka sham 0 like. ns). Hoʻonoho ʻia nā holoholona a pau i hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia ma luna o kahi pā wela metala ʻole e mālama i ko lākou kino ma kahi o 37 ° C i loko o ka hoʻokolohua. E like me nā hoʻokolohua mua, ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia ka manawa hōʻike i nā hola 2. Ma hope o ka hoʻolaha ʻana, e kau i ka holoholona ma kahi pā wela ʻē aʻe i loko o ka lumi hana.
Ua like ka ʻōnaehana hoʻolaha me nā ʻōnaehana 25, 62 i wehewehe ʻia i nā haʻawina mua, me ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka mīkini uila uila e hana i ka LTE ma kahi o GSM electromagnetic field. Mini-Circuits, USA), he circulator (D3 1719-N, Sodhy, Palani), he lua-ala coupler (CD D 1824-2, − 30 dB, Sodhy, Palani) a me eha-ala mana divider (DC D 0922-4N, Sodhy, Palani), e ae ana i na holoholona simultaneous1Agi2A. USA) pili i ka bidirectional coupler hiki ke ana mau a me ka nānā 'ana i ka hanana a me ka 'ike i ka mana i loko o ka mea. he 1 mm laula uwea e hana ana i apo i hookomoia ma kahi kokoke i ke poo o ka holoholona. E like me na hana mua26,62, ua hooholoia ka helu absorption kiko'ī (SAR) me ka hoʻohana 'ana i ke kŘkohu iole helu a me ka palena palena manawa domain (FDTD) method63,64,65. Ua hoʻoholo hoʻi lākou i ka hoʻokolohua i loko o kahi ʻano like ʻole o ka ʻiole homogeneous. helu ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano: SAR = C ΔT/Δt, kahi ʻo C ka mana wela ma J/(kg K), ΔT, ma °K a me Δt Hoʻololi ʻana i ka mahana, manawa i kekona. emi iho ma lalo o 30%.
Hōʻike ka Figure 2a i ka puʻunaue SAR ma ka lolo ʻiole ma ke ʻano ʻiole, e pili ana i ka puʻunaue ma ke ʻano o ke kaumaha o ke kino a me ka nui o nā ʻiole i hoʻohana ʻia i kā mākou noiʻi. ʻO SAR ka manaʻo o ka lolo he 0.37 ± 0.23 W/kg (mean ± SD). ʻO nā waiwai SAR ke kiʻekiʻe loa ma ka ʻāpana cortical ma lalo pono o ka loop antenna. W / kg (mean ± SD) (Fig. 2b) .No ka mea he homogeneous ke kaupaona kino o nā ʻiole i ʻike ʻia a ʻaʻole liʻiliʻi nā ʻokoʻa o ka mānoanoa o ke poʻo, ʻo ka SAR maoli o ACx a i ʻole nā wahi cortical ʻē aʻe i manaʻo ʻia e like loa ma waena o kekahi holoholona i ʻike ʻia a me kekahi.
I ka pau ʻana o ka hōʻike ʻana, ua hoʻohui ʻia nā holoholona me nā mea hou aku o ketamine (20 mg/kg, ip) a me xylazine (4 mg/kg, ip) a hiki i ka ʻike ʻole ʻia ʻana o nā neʻe reflex ma hope o ke kuʻi ʻana i ka wāwae hope. i loko o ka stereotaxic kiʻi, he craniotomy i hana ma luna o ka hema kino cortex.E like me ko makou mua study66, e hoomaka ana mai ka hui ana o ka parietal a me ka iwi iwi, ka wehe ana he 9 mm laula a me 5 mm kiʻekiʻe. ʻO ka dura ma luna o ka ACx ua akahele wehe 'ia ma lalo o ka binocular mana me ka poino ole i ke koko moku. I ka pau ana o ke kaʻina hana i ka deraumatic hoʻopaʻa 'ana i ka holoholona. i ka wā o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana. E kau i ke kiʻi stereotaxic e kākoʻo ana i ka holoholona i loko o ke keʻena hoʻopaʻa leo (IAC, model AC1).
Loaʻa ka ʻikepili mai nā hoʻopaʻa ʻana o nā ʻāpana he nui i ka cortex auditory mua o 20 mau ʻiole, me nā holoholona 10 i hoʻomaʻamaʻa mua ʻia me ka LPS. lalani) Ua hoʻokomo ʻia kahi uea kālā (ø: 300 µm) no ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana ma waena o ka iwi kino a me ka dura contralateral. ʻO ka wahi i manaʻo ʻia o ka ACx mua he 4-7 mm hope i ka bregma a me 3 mm ventral i ka suture supratemporal. TDT). Ua kānana ʻia nā hōʻailona i hōʻiliʻili ʻia mai kēlā me kēia electrode (610-10,000 Hz) e unuhi i ka hana multi-unit (MUA). neurons kokoke i nā electrodes. I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o kēlā me kēia hoʻokolohua, hoʻonohonoho mākou i ke kūlana o ka papa electrode i hiki i ʻelua lālani o ʻewalu electrodes ke hoʻāʻo i nā neurons, mai ka haʻahaʻa a hiki i ke kiʻekiʻe o nā pane alapine i ka wā i hana ʻia i ka orientation rostral.
Ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā mea hoʻoulu leo ma Matlab, i hoʻouna ʻia i kahi ʻōnaehana hoʻopuka leo RP2.1 (TDT) a hoʻouna ʻia i kahi leo leo Fostex (FE87E). Ua hoʻonoho ʻia ka leo kani ma 2 knm mai ka pepeiao ʻākau o ka ʻiole, ma kahi mamao i hoʻopuka ai ka leo kani i kahi kikoʻī paʻa paʻa (± 3 dB) a me 360Hz. Ua hana ʻia me ka walaʻau a me nā leo maʻemaʻe i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me kahi microphone Bruel a me Kjaer 4133 i hui pū ʻia me kahi preamplifier B&K 2169 a me ka mea hoʻopaʻa leo kikohoʻe Marantz PMD671. 4.15 Hz. Hoʻoholo ʻia ka Frequency Response Area (FRA) me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hoʻonohonoho like o nā leo a hōʻike ʻia ma ke ʻano maʻamau ma 2 Hz mai 75 a 5 dB SPL. Hōʻike ʻia kēlā me kēia alapine i ʻewalu manawa i kēlā me kēia ikaika.
Ua loiloi pū ʻia nā pane i nā hoʻoulu kūlohelohe. Ma nā haʻawina mua, ua ʻike mākou ʻaʻole i loaʻa i nā leo ʻiole nā pane ikaika i ACx, me ka nānā ʻole i ka neuronal optimal frequency (BF), akā ʻo ka xenograft-specific (eg, songbird a guinea pig vocalizations) maʻamau ʻO ka palapala leo holoʻokoʻa. pili i 1 s o stimuli, hōʻike 25 manawa).
Hiki iā mākou ke hana i nā ʻāpana passive rf e like me kāu mau koi. Hiki iā ʻoe ke komo i ka ʻaoʻao hoʻoponopono e hāʻawi i nā kikoʻī āu e pono ai.
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